One of the effective methods in the process of enhanced Recovery of Oil reservoirs is applying the nanotechnology to alter the wettability of the reservoir rock. In this study, the wettability alteration was investigated using synthetic graphene oxide-Hexamethyldisilazane (GO-HMDS). For this purpose, XRD and FTIR analyzes were used to identify the synthesized structure. In the present study, the effect of concentration (0. 05, 0. 1 and 0. 2 wt% GO-HMDS) were investigated using the zeta potential analysis, Interfacial Tension (IFT), and contact angle. Subsequently, the concentration of 0. 2% was determined as a powerful sample in altering the wettability of the reservoir rock through the zeta potential analysis. This sample was used for tests of contact angle and interfacial tension. In addition the zeta potential of the sample was measured by-36 mv. Moreover, the contact angle between the reservoir rock and the graphene oxide-(Hexamethyldisilazane) solution for 0. 2 wt. % GO-HMDS solution decreased from 161 to 44 degrees. On the other hand, it is in agreement the results of the zeta potential and Interfacial Tension (IFT) examines. Therefore, the synthesized nanofluid reduces the and Interfacial Tension (IFT), contact angle, and wettability alteration toward the water-wet of the carbonate core.

Research subject: In situ synthesis of nanoparticles due to greater impact on production mechanisms (such as reducing Oil viscosity), uniform distribution of nanoparticles in reservoir fluids, no reduction in formation permeability due to no injection of nanofluids into the reservoir and also economic efficiency is more importance than other nanoparticle synthesis methods which are used in enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes. Research approach: In this study, the effect of in-situ synthesized of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles at low temperature on the Oil Recovery factor was investigated. For this purpose, water was considered as the based fluid for dispersion of synthesized nanoparticles. Also, in order to study the effect of nanoparticles concentration in the base fluid on the final Oil Recovery factor, several nanofluids were prepared at different concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 wt.%. Finally, the prepared nanofluids were injected at the injection rate of 0.07 ml/h up to 1 PV into the micromodel and the amount of produced Oil and the movement of the injected fluid in the porous medium were analyzed. Main results: The results showed that the synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles in this study have appropriate performance to Improve the Oil Recovery factor. The presence of small amounts of these nanoparticles (concentration of 0.01 wt. %), causes a significant increment in Oil Recovery factor (about 7%) compared to water injection alone. Also, the Oil extraction coefficient increased by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles in the base fluid. So that for nanofluids with concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 wt.%, the Oil Recovery factor were 25%, 38%, 43% and 45%, respectively. However, by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles in the base fluid, from an optimal amount onwards, the probability of particle deposition in the micromodel increased, the effect of nanoparticles on changing the hydrodynamic properties of the injected fluid and Oil production mechanisms decreased.

Background: Mycobacterium seedling is rich in co-antigens and, a good immunomodulator with bidirectional immunomodulatory function. Objectives: The present study aimed to explore whether the Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine can Improve the incomplete immune Recovery of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Methods: According to the number of patients receiving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long-term treatment in the Ninth People’, s Hospital of Chongqing, China, 100 patients with HIV-RNA quantitation of less than 103 cepies/ml, CD4 + T cell count less than 500/UL, and CD4 + T cell count of more than 50/UL after 3 years of Haart treatment were selected. In total, they were randomly assigned to one of three groups, one group received an intramuscular injection of M. vaccae vaccine, one group received an intramuscular injection of growth hormone, and the last group received only a placebo injection. The levels and changes of naive T cells, Treg cells, total CD4 + T cells, T helper 1 (Th1), T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and interleukin 7 (IL-7) cytokine were measured at baseline and after 12, 48, and 50 weeks. Results: After 48 weeks of treatment, the total CD4+T cells, Th1 cells, and naive T cells in AIDS patients increased, while IL-7 cytokines, Treg cells, and Th2 cells decreased in M. vaccae vaccine and growth hormone group. There was no change in the placebo group, indicating that M. vaccae vaccine and growth hormone can Improve the immune function of AIDS patients. After treatment, in group A (M. vaccae vaccine), there was an increase in the total CD4 + T cells, Th1 cells, and naive T cells as well as a decrease in Treg cells, Th2 cells, and IL-7 cytokines. The only significant difference between M. vaccae vaccine and growth hormone groups was a decrease in Th1 cells in the M. vaccae vaccine group. After a 12-week follow-up, it was found that there were no cases of secondary infection in the M. vaccae vaccine group, one case in the growth hormone group, and five cases in the placebo group, demonstrating that the secondary infection rate in M. vaccae vaccine and the growth hormone groups was lower than that in the control group. Conclusion: The M. vaccae vaccine may decrease the levels of IL-7 as well as Treg and Th2 cells by increasing the levels of CD4 + T cells, Th1 cells, and pure T cells in AIDS patients, leading to the Improvement of immune reconstitution of AIDS patients to some extent.